Tag: atmosphere

Space probe Galileo on Jupiter

Space probe Galileo on Jupiter - Io and Jupiter

Space probe Galileo on Jupiter

Space probe Galileo on Jupiter – In October, 1989. Space shuttle Atlantis took into space probe Galileo. Did not move out of orbit straight to Jupiter, but first flew in the direction of Venus, which was used to assist gravity. In the same order twice used the Earth and finally moved toward the gas giant. Along the way, the first probe approached asteroid, specifically Gaspra, a distance of 1600 km.

Galileo probe to Jupiter was heard after 7 years and accompanied him the next 8. It became his artificial satellite. Among other things, sent into the atmosphere of Jupiter measuring instrument, which in hellish conditions lasted almost an hour. Several times flew near the Galilean moons: Io, Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. Discovered that beneath the surface of the last three is salty ocean water.

Due to the good operation of the systems, the probe mission was extended several times (the last time – at the end of April 2001.). Made a total of 34 laps around Jupiter. At that time, 7 times visited Io, Callisto 8 times, as many times Ganymede, 11 times Europe.

Solar wind – The Sun has an impact on the processes

Solar wind - Solar wind from the star L.L.Orionis

Solar wind – The Sun has an impact on the processes

Solar wind – The Sun has an impact on the processes in the solar system in many different ways. Although gravity is maintained thanks to its system time emits a space wide range of molecular types of radiation, to which the feature ” wind of the Sun”. Researchers from the University of Leicester have combined the data. Obtained during the observations of solar activity from data obtained during observations of the Martian atmosphere, provided by satellites. The solar corona disappears from the environment until 2.5 x more particles. Observations were conducted during the fall of solar activity within the 11 – year solar cycle.

Indonesian volcano explosion

Indonesian volcano explosion - Volcano Tambora

 

 

 

Indonesian volcano explosion - Sumbawa island map

Indonesian volcano explosion - Volcano Tambora crater

Indonesian volcano explosion

Indonesian volcano explosion – 7. 04. 1815. On the Indonesian island of Sumbawa exploded volcano Tambora. Experts compared the strength of its 1000 US atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima. The explosion brought with it 50 thousand. human victims. From the crater blown up about 150 km³ stones. The volcano threw into the atmosphere huge amounts of dust and sulfur dioxide – a cloud stretched across the earth and covered the sun, another period has been recorded as the “year without a summer.” Summer frosts have caused damage to the collections of Europe and North America. In many areas were the cause of starvation.

Martian rover Opportunity

Opportunity - Photo from the Martian rover Opportunity - Crater Eagle

 

 

 

Opportunity - Photo from the Martian rover Opportunity

 

Martian rover Opportunity

Opportunity – Even the greatest optimists did not count on that mission Opportunity could last so long. Famous vehicle landed on Mars January 25, 2004, 21 days after its sister rover Spirit. The probe flew in thin Martian atmosphere at a speed of 20920 km / h. Then spread a parachute and auxiliary nozzles, which have slowed down the fall of the rover.

Above the surface filled with airbags, which enabled a soft landing. Opportunity probe fell to the surface like a soccer ball, several times ricocheted off the ground and rolled on the heterogeneous landscape. 15 minutes of tension in the center ground, NASA ended signal that the probe had reached its destination without any obstacles and failures.

For 10 years of work Opportunity rover has experienced many adventures. In 2005. Nearly two months stuck in a sand dune. Many engineers have placed the cross on him, but the rover piece by piece freed the treacherous traps. Rover, using solar batteries, sometimes struggled with energy shortages. While the twin probe Spirit last time sent a signal to Earth 22 March 2010. Opportunity continues its mission today.

Its largest and most revolutionary discovery was to find the mineral jarosite. It is unequivocal proof that Mars also once were streams, rivers and lakes. Opportunity to learned the hard way how Martian storm. It has already defeated the marathon distance and despite some faults continues its mission.

Curiosity – Mars rover Curiosity

Curiosity - Mars rover Curiosity

Curiosity – Mars rover Curiosity

Curiosity – 6 August 2012. Mars rover Curiosity landed. The main objective of this most complicated equipment is to check that on Mars there were or there are conditions for microbial life. Equipment for the rover prepared scientific organizations from the USA, Canada, Germany, France, Russia and Spain.

Drive of the rover is radioisotopic thermoelectric generator that uses the natural decay of plutonium 238, which has proven itself in the American Viking missions of the program. Device is equipped with various revolutionary instruments for the analysis of soil, rocks and atmosphere. One of the devices is eg. Laser cannon that hits a rock from a distance of 7 m., And from the done spark is able to determine its chemical composition.

For more than eight months interplanetary probe covered more than 566 million km. Through the atmosphere of Mars flew at a speed of approx. 20800 km / h, but just above the reduced speed of just 3.22 km / h. Landing NASA has provided operators with seven minutes of terror, but in the end everything was a success. One of the biggest surprises of the mission was the discovery of a liquid, although salt water on Mars.

Chameleon changing coloration

Chameleon changing coloration - Chameleon

Chameleon changing coloration

Chameleon changing coloration – Depending on the temperature, the ambient atmosphere and change color chameleon skin. Scientists have recently discovered the mechanism of this phenomenon: in the skin of lizards are cells called iridophores, which contain small crystals, reflecting light. Chameleon can tune these crystals, changing the distance between them. In this way, a spectrum of colors, which determines the number of nanocrystals and their distance to each other.

Neil Armstrong’s footprints – Where Apollo landed

Neil Armstrong's footprints - Apollo 11 bootprint

Neil Armstrong’s footprints – Where Apollo 11 landed

Neil Armstrong’s footprints – Photos places where Apollo missions landed, made by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, shows that the footprints left there by Neil Armstrong July 21, 1969 the year you can see today. Moon hasn’t atmosphere, and hence erosion. Its surface changes only due to meteorite impacts, seismic and cosmic radiation.